![]() ![]() Greek nítron and -gen, meaning ' niter-forming' Greek elements hydro- and -gen, meaning 'water-forming'īeryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India) Symbols for chemical elements List of chemical elements ![]() Also given is each element's atomic number, atomic weight, or the atomic mass of the most stable isotope, group and period numbers on the periodic table, and etymology of the symbol. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group.Ī list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with its signification. Many functional groups also have their own chemical symbol, e.g. This is often omitted unless relevant to a certain context because it is already deducible from the charge and atomic number, as generally true for nonbonded valence electrons in skeletal structures. A radical is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl.If this number is one, it is normally omitted - the number one is implicitly understood if unspecified. The number of atoms of an element in a molecule or chemical compound is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N 2 or Fe 2O 3).If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca 2+).The atomic number is redundant to the chemical element, but is sometimes used to emphasize the change of numbers of nucleons in a nuclear reaction. The proton number ( atomic number) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g., 64Gd).These details can be omitted if not relevant in a certain context. Alternately, the number here can represent a specific spin state (e.g., 1O 2). Various letters, such as "m" and "f" may also be used here to indicate a nuclear isomer (e.g., 99mTc). This number defines the specific isotope. The nucleon number ( mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N).A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol.Īttached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions: In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as superscripts or subscripts a particular isotope, ionization, or oxidation state, or other atomic detail. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for hassium (element 108) which had the temporary name of unniloctium, based on the digits of its atomic number. Some symbols come from other sources, like W for tungsten ( Wolfram in German) which was not known in Roman times.Ī three-letter temporary symbol may be assigned to a newly synthesized (or not yet synthesized) element. For example, Pb is the symbol for lead ( plumbum in Latin) Hg is the symbol for mercury ( hydrargyrum in Greek) and He is the symbol for helium (a Neo-Latin name) because helium was not known in ancient Roman times. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. Element symbols for chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised.Įarlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical Latin and Greek vocabulary. They have created a complete suite of short videos on every element on the periodic table of elements.The periodic table, elements being denoted by their symbolsĬhemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical elements, functional groups and chemical compounds. The video below is from the University of Nottingham's periodic videos project. Sodium has one isotope found in nature: Symbol Sodium is a plentiful, relatively cheap metal that causes minimal corrosion on the reactor equipment and is easily purified. Sodium makes an ideal coolant for a fast reactors because the liquid can operate at high temperatures without high pressure. The metal is sometimes used to remove heat from nuclear reactors, particularly sodium-cooled fast breeder reactors. Sodium compounds are often used as part of various reagents in chemistry. Sodium chloride (NaCl) the most common form of salt, including the salt that is added to food, for de-icing, and as salt blocks for animals. ![]() Sodium salts have more uses than the pure metal. ![]()
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